Progressive Librarian.
Progressive Librarian #42, 2014.
Kathleen de la Peña McCook-June, 2014
Librarians as Wikipedians: From
Library History to “Librarianship and Human Rights”.
By Kathleen de la Peña McCook
Keywords: crowdsourcing; digital natives; Florida
libraries; gender gap; human rights; information-seeking behavior; information literacy; knowledge
management; librarian biography;
librarians as Wikipedians; library education; library history;
University of South Florida, School of Information; Wikipedia;
Wikipedia:
Need for Librarians as Contributors
English
edition of Wikipedia-number of articles.[5]
I began my career as a librarian in pre-digital times when the Guide to Reference Books was called
Winchell. [6]
As a young librarian I conscientiously reviewed new editions of reference
resources and annotated my copy of Winchell until the next edition was
released—a rather big event in the librarian calendars of the last
century. Since 2000 the Guide has only been published online.[7]
Yet the special expertise of librarians honed by our deep understanding of the
reference books annotated in Winchell (later Sheehy, then Balay, now Kieft) and
honored in yearly reviews[8]
may give us false confidence that our expertise is widely understood and
appreciated. In the 21st
century these skills make little difference unless we connect them to the
world’s largest and most used reference tool—Wikipedia.
Academic bias against Wikipedia was discussed in 2007 at Inside Higher Education as Middlebury
college history professors banned its use, although the columnist points out
that an analysis of the accuracy of Wikipedia for The Journal of American History found that in many entries,
Wikipedia was as accurate or more accurate than more traditional encyclopedias.
[9]
Now seven years old, the 161 comments attached to the column illuminate
librarian and faculty opinions heavily critical of Wikipedia as a source.
In a 2010 study of Wikipedia use in higher education Head and Eisenberg point out: “Far more students, than
not, used Wikipedia….Reasons for using Wikipedia were diverse: Wikipedia
provided students with a summary about a topic, the meaning of related terms,
and also got students started on their research and offered a usable interface.“[10]
As our students are increasingly digital natives,[11]
we can expect them to be more open to crowd sourced technologies like
Wikipedia.
The
Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education developed by the Association of College and Research Libraries
is in the revision process at the time of this writing (May 2014). It defines
information literacy:
Information literacy combines a repertoire of
abilities, practices, and dispositions
focused on expanding one’s understanding of
the information ecosystem, with the
proficiencies of finding, using and analyzing
information, scholarship, and data to
answer questions, develop new ones, and create
new knowledge, through ethical
participation in communities of learning and
scholarship. [12]
This definition of information
literacy certainly provides a rationale for using Wikipedia, but The Framework indicates no strong
recognition of the growing importance of Wikipedia as a source. This is a
missed opportunity. Again, Wikipedia is
the most used reference resource in the world.
“Wikipedia
and Knowledge Management:” the Courses
During 2013-2014 I developed a new course, “Wikipedia and
Knowledge Management,” and reorganized two other courses, “History of Books and
Libraries,” and “Librarians and Human Rights” with large portions of
assignments to be done in Wikipedia. I decided that students could apply critical
thinking skills to enhance articles in Wikipedia and at the same time work to
increase the amount of information about libraries and librarianship at the
site. Since my classes are 60 percent women
it also seemed to me that teaching more women to edit in Wikipedia would
be a way I could help in a small way to address the gender gap among Wikipedia
editors.[13]
I live by the question asked by Eleanor Roosevelt, ‘Where do human rights
begin? In small places, close to home, so close and so small that they cannot
be seen on any maps of the world. Such are the places where every man, woman,
and child seeks equal justice, equal opportunity, equal dignity without
discrimination.’ [14] A
class is a good small place.
In this article I provide a summary of the work done by students
enrolled in these classes at the University of South Florida, School of
Information, a program accredited by the American Library Association.[15] Students were extraordinarily creative and
without limits as they went through tutorials and became proficient at editing.[16] The outcome of the classes was that enrolled
students are now creative contributors; skilled editors; and managers of
content in Wikipedia. They are both librarians AND Wikipedians.
A geographical, sociological and
chronological overview of knowledge management beginning with the printed
encyclopedia.
How Wikipedia came about and how a virtual an
army of volunteers crowd-sourced a user-built encyclopedia of over 4 million
articles.
Class activities will include editing, writing
and organizing knowledge to be included in Wikipedia.[17]
To demonstrate the scope of work I provide examples from the three
classes. These examples are intended to demonstrate the range of scholarship
and creativity that graduate students accomplished as editors. Clearly, these are examples of solid work on
which others can build and expand. Crowdsourcing by librarians is a strategy
for extending our contributions to knowledge and especially to topics relating
to books and libraries.
Out of the gate one student added a new entry on The Librarian (Giuseppe Arcimboldo's
painting).
Another student observed: “Wikipedia’s list of librarians was
looking male dominated and Eurocentric so I added some notable female and
international librarians. While I was glad to see that so many had Wikipedia
pages, I thought it was important they be included in an overall view.” By
including a few examples of this student’s work taken from the “history” tab of
each page we can see how this was accomplished. (see endnote 17).[18]
For the human rights class a new
entry was written for Clara Breed a librarian
in San Diego, California, remembered chiefly for her support for Japanese
American children during World War II. This entry was featured in the 2/28/14
DYK section[19]
and had over 8,137 visits in between time of creation and March, 2014. It was
one of the top visited pages in March 2014.
The user page of petercannon[20] is a
resource to review this process. Additionally, here is a screen shot:
Below is a list of over 40 biographies added during the three
classes. Those with a + symbol were new entries. Others were extant entries
that were expanded and edited. Because Wikipedia is not in alphabetical order
but is an openly searchable database I have listed biographies the way they
appear on their Wikipedia pages. Some students included new images with their
reports and a few examples are provided. Some wrote biographies of librarians
whose careers had a focus on human rights. Some looked to the history of the
discipline to add notable librarians and book people.
Caption:
Helen Marot was a Progressive librarian and Labor Movement activist.
Ainsworth Rand Spofford
Alice S. Tyler
Alois Senefelder.
Ana Rosa Núñez.
Anne Jarvis.
+Beatrice Winser.
Charles Ammi Cutter
+Clara Breed.
Clara Whitehill Hunt.
Caroline Hewins.
Eliza Atkins Gleason.
Eliza Farnham.
+Emily Wheelock Reed.
+ Francis R. St. John.
+Fred C. Cole.
Garth Williams.
Hâfiz Osman.
Hedwig Anuar.
+Helen Marot.
Henrietta M. Smith
James Logan.
+Jane Walker Burleson.
José Toribio Medina.
+Joseph Henry Reason
+Josephus Nelson Larned.
Justin Winsor
+Juliette Hampton Morgan.
Li Dazhao.
Louise Noëlle Malclès.
+Maria Chavez-Hernandez.
+Maria Luisa Monteiro da Cunha.
Marianne Scott.
Melvil Dewey.
+Patricia Swift Blalock.
+Olinta Ariosa Morales.
+Randolph Greenfield Adams.
S. R. Ranganathan.
Sadie Peterson Delaney.
Samuel Gompers.
+Shen Zhurong.
+Tony Pizzo.
Thomas Bray.
William Frederick Poole.
+Winarti Partaningrat.
100 of the Most
Important 20th Century Leaders in the United States
And, as a tour de force, one student
(already a well-established Wikipedian—the legendary Gamaliel)[21] decided to edit and
update entries for librarians listed in American Libraries as "100 of the Most Important Leaders We Had in
the 20th Century." [22] He went through the
list and looked for basic things to improve: categories, citations, redirects,
dates of birth/death, etc. For most leaders listed below additions and edits
were made to improve and enhance their entry.
Mary Eileen Ahern
Alexander Allain (intellectual
freedom advocate)
May Hill Arbuthnot
Lester E. Asheim
Hugh Atkinson
Augusta Baker
William J. Barrow
Mildred Leona Batchelder
John Shaw Billings
William Warner Bishop
Henry Bliss
Sarah Bogle
Richard Rogers Bowker
William Howard Brett
Pierce
Butler
Andrew
Carnegie (not a librarian)
Leon Carnovsky
Verner Warren Clapp
David Horace Clift
Fred C. Cole
George Watson Cole
Robert B. Croneberger
Arthur
Curley
John Cotton Dana
Sadie Peterson Delaney
Melvil Dewey
William
S. Dix
Robert B. Downs
Paul Dunkin
Linda Eastman
Margaret A. Edwards
Charles
Evans
Luther
Evans
Virginia Proctor Powell
Florence
Henry Clay Folger (book
collector)
Herman H. Fussler
Loleta Fyan
Mary
Gaver
Rudolph H. Gjelsness
Fred Glazer
Margaret Hayes Grazier
Emerson Greenaway
James Christian Meinich Hanson
Adelaide R. Hasse
Frances E. Henne
Caroline M. Hewins
Carleton B. Joeckel
Virginia Lacy Jones
Frederick Paul Keppel (Carnegie
Foundation)
Harry Miller Lydenberg
Stephen McCarthy
Archibald MacLeish
Margaret Mann
Charles Martel
Allie Beth Martin
Frederic G. Melcher (bookman)
Keyes D. Metcalf
Carl H. Milam
Sydney B. Mitchell
William Andrew Moffett
Foster E. Mohrhardt
Anne Carroll Moore
Bessie Boehm Moore (trustee
leader)
Everett T. Moore
Isabel Gilbert Mudge
L. 0uincy Mumford
Ralph Munn
Margaret Norton
Paul Peter Evans
Effie Louise Power
Herbert Putnam
Joseph Henry Reason
Ernest C. Richardson
Arthur Fremont Rider
Frank Bradway Rogers
Charlemae Rollins
Francis R. St. John
Frances Clarke Sayers
Marvin Scilken
Margaret C. Scoggin
Minnie Earl Sears
Katharine Sharp
Ralph Shaw
Jesse H. Shera
Louis Shores
Frances Lander Spain
Forrest Spaulding
Mortimer Taube
Maurice Tauber
Ralph Ulveling
George Burwell Utley
Robert G. Vosper
Douglas Waples
Joseph L. Wheeler
Edward C. Williams
Charles C. Williamson
Halsey William Wilson
Louis Round Wilson
Constance M. Winchell
To get an idea of the kinds of
changes made to these entries by Gamaliel a few examples are provided
in the endnotes.[24]
Library
Associations
Library associations are not well represented in Wikipedia and adding
and editing them could be a major focus for librarians who become Wikipedians.[25]
So much work to support intellectual freedom and outreach takes place in
librarian associations that is documented haphazardly on websites of various
degrees of currency. There is much support for students by hundreds of
librarians in their associations raising funds for scholarships or awards that
encourage research: The Progressive Librarian Guild’s Braverman Award, for
example.[26] Having Wikipedia entries for library associations
enhances the visibility of library and information work. Students added new entries
and expanded extant ones. The list of library associations on which class
members worked to update links is a starting point for additional article
creation and editing. [27]
American Association of Law Libraries.
+Association of Caribbean University, Research and Institutional
Libraries.
Association of Research Libraries.
Bibliographical Society of America.
+Florida Library Association.
+Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Round Table. (American
Library Association).
Library Association of Ireland.
Southeastern Library Association.
+Tampa Bay Library Consortium.
+Virginia Library Association.
Young Adult Library Services Association.
Library Updates
or New Entries (+) United States.
Another group of entries on which
students worked were devoted to a variety of U.S. libraries and related topics.
Once
again those proceeded by a + were new to Wikipedia. Other topics were expanded.
The classes felt that general library information was lacking for
many locations and students were especially conscientious adding photographs,
location data and history for many libraries. Wikipedia entries on Florida
counties were inconsistent in the inclusion of library system information. Student Dgiguere89 did as stunning amount of
work adding library information to county entries. A few examples indicate the
scope of her work.[28]
Though Florida libraries were the majority of the entries, some in other states
were included.
Caption:
African-American Research Library and Cultural Center, Broward County
Anton Brees Carillon Library. (FL)
+Auburn Avenue Research Library on African American Culture and
History. (GA)
Boca Raton Public Library. (FL)
*Bradenton Carnegie Library. (FL)
Carnegie library.
Broward County.
African-American Research Library and Cultural Center. (FL)
+Diaz Ayala Cuban and Latin American Popular Music Collection
(DAC) at Florida International University Libraries.
Digital Public Library of America.
Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington.
(Virginia)
Grace Church Complex (Massapequa, New York). DeLancey Floyd-Jones
Free Library.
Hernando County Library System. FL.
+Howard-Tilton Memorial Library. (Tulane University, New Orleans)
+James Weldon Johnson Community Library, a historic African
American library in St. Petersburg, Florida.
John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art. Sarasota, Florida.Library.
+John F. Germany Public Library. (Tampa, FL)
Library of Virginia.
Louisville Free Public Library, Western Colored Branch.
+Manatee County Historical Records Library.(FL)
Miami-Dade Public Library System.
Mirror Lake Library. (FL)
National Book Festival.
National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped.
New York Society Library.
+New Port Richey Public Library (FL).
Pasco County Library Cooperative. (FL)
Palm Beach County Library System. (FL)
Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County.
Ocala Carnegie Library.(FL)
Pennsylvania State Archives.
Pinellas County. Libraries. (FL)
Polk County Historical & Genealogical Library. Old Bartow
Courthouse. (FL)
St. Johns County, FL.
Tampa Free Library.
Virginia Beach Public Library System
Libraries- Outside of United States.
A great deal of work was done adding information to national
library entries. However, one class member, Brooksky, who tried to add
information about the National Library of Pakistan was unable to do so. The
individual watching the site—“
Smsarmad” used the ruse of copyright violation to delete information that was
added. Having reviewed the work I know it was not copied and was information
that had been documented with notes from secondary sources. When Brooksky met
Smsarmad’s demands the changes were still deleted. Inexplicably the higher
authority agreed that the sources should be deleted. I could only surmise that
individuals who become conversant in the Wikipedia community on certain topic
have created levels of authority that can overturn well intentioned and
accurate information on rare occasions.
To overturn this would take much more editing
focus than was available to this class. We did not have difficulties
with any other national library. It is likely best to be aware that this sort
of activity can go on, can be discouraging, but is not typical. It would be a
leap to suggest that there is a cultural bias against women editing the
National Library of Pakistan site, but it could be an aspect of the “Malala effect.” [29] Interested readers
may want to review the “Talk” pages for this library to see how issues might be contested. [30]
Listed below are national library entries that were edited by
students in the classes.
·
Albania
·
Algeria
·
Angola
·
Azerbaijan
·
Belarus
·
Botswana
·
Brazil
·
Burkina
Faso
·
Burundi
·
Cambodia
·
Cape
Verde
·
Costa
Rica
·
Democratic Republic of Congo
·
Ethiopia
·
Germany
·
Iran
·
Norway
·
Portugal
·
South Africa
·
Turkey
·
Ukraine
·
Uruguay.
Caption: Dresden Codes. A
pre-Columbian Maya book of the eleventh or twelfth century of the Yucatecan
Maya in Chichén Itzá. This Maya codex is believed to be a copy of an original
text of some three or four hundred years earlier. It is the oldest book written
in the Americas known to historians.
A few additional non-U.S. entries demonstrate the range of library
and manuscript entries that can be were edited or created by students in the
classes.
List of libraries in the ancient world.
Extensive update to this list. See
edits in “history” for “List of libraries in the ancient world” by Williamth.[31]
He reorganized the contents (Regions),
included libraries that were not previously on the list. He added
information and citations. Note
especially additions to Anatolia, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Syria.
Cotton library.
Dresden Codex.
+Gazi Husrev-beg Library.
Herzog August Library.
Library of Ashurbanipal.
Library of Celsus.
Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine.
Human Rights and Librarianship
Human
rights topics or libraries with a focus on human rights such as the Auburn
Avenue Research Library on African American Culture and History were added.
Librarians with a notable commitment to human rights are listed in the
biographical section intermingled with all biographical contributions, for who
can not say that all library work contributes to human development?
The strongest work done in the class
on behalf of human rights was a 3 person collaboration that extensively revised
the Wikipedia entry, “Librarianship and human rights in the United States.”[32]
The article now opens with this powerful
statement:
“Librarians, both individually and
collectively, have a long history of engagement with human rights issues as
they pertain to libraries and the communities they serve: against censorship
and discrimination; and in support of the rights of immigrants, cultural
minorities, poor people, the homeless and unemployed, people with disabilities,
children and young adults, the LGBT community, older adults, those who are
illiterate, and the imprisoned. Librarians also protect human rights by
developing diverse collections, programs and services; promoting literacy; and
preserving cultural and historical records.”[33]
Listed below are human rights Wikipedia entries created or edited
addressed by students in the class.
Caption:
Book
burning in Chile following the 1973 coup that installed the Pinochet regime in
Chile.
Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse.
+Auburn Avenue Research Library on African American Culture and
History. (GA)
Bibliotherapy.
Book burning.
Broward County. African-American Research Library and
Cultural Center. (FL)
Effect of Hurricane Katrina on Tulane University (added information
on damage to library).
Equality Florida.
Florida Literacy Coalition, Inc.
Freedom Summer.
Human Rights Watch.
Individuals and groups assisting Jews during the Holocaust.
Intellectual freedom.
Lesbian and Gay Equality Project.
Librarians Without Borders.
Librarianship and human rights in the United States.
+Literacy Coalition of Palm Beach County.
National Center for Lesbian Rights.
National Coalition Against Censorship.
Prison Library.
Progressive Librarians Guild.
Tampa International Gay and Lesbian Film Festival.
UN Women.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
World Health Organization.
Women's suffrage in the United States.
Victory
for the Slain (anti-war poem).
Other Editing Examples
The classes were expansive and a number of interesting
edits on library or book-related topics were also submitted as weekly
assignments. Some of these are listed below.
Caption:
Oscar Hijuelos, appears at Miami Book Fair
International, 1993.
As We May Think
Ask a Librarian.
Bibliomania.
Blanket order.
Bok Tower Gardens.
Book curse.
Bookmobile.
Bookselling.
Bookworm
Carilda Oliver Labra.
Chapbook.
Digital rights management.
Education for librarianship.
Faceted classification.
Florida Cracker Storytelling
Festival.
Friends of Libraries.
The
Library (book) by Andrew Lang.
Miami Book Fair International.
Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting.
Papyrus.
+The Philobiblon
A few examples of student comments at the end of the course
indicate the kind of reception this class received:
·
I plan to
continue editing and creating articles for Wikipedia and part of that plan will
carry over to whatever place of employment I have after graduation. I've put my
wiki editing skills on my CV and it's in my portfolio of things I've worked on
or created during my time in grad school. I think that integrating special
collections holdings into Wikipedia is something that we, as archivists, should
consider
·
As I began
to learn about Wikipedia, I realized its importance, not only from a conceptual
standpoint but also as a source of knowledge. Whether or not academia frowns on
it, people use Wikipedia. For most of the population, who cannot afford
subscription databases nor have the necessary research skills, it is a primary
access point. This resulted in me questioning my role as a librarian. After
all, isn’t it my responsibility to ensure that all people have access to the
same quality of information? Beginning the editing process was not easy, the
syntax was confusing, there was little instructional material and it was
difficult to find a community. Without this class, I’m not sure that I would
have stayed with it. However, as I kept working on Wikipedia, I began to
respect it in a way that I didn’t expect. The internal process of quality
control, the sheer amount of time and energy spent by volunteers and the
quality of research were actually quite amazing.
·
I see
Wikipedia as an integral part of the web, people trust Wikipedia, they use
Wikipedia and no matter what problems it may run into I do not think that it is
going to change. I know that I will continue to edit Wikipedia
·
This class was
simply amazing. Through intense discussion of the social history of knowledge
management, the class learned a great deal about how history, politics, culture
and other external factors directly impact the methods of knowledge production
and maintenance. The sections we covered on Wikipedia were informative and
helpful. Conducting weekly edits helped us as students to get in and really see
what Wikipedia does, how it is done, and how it can impact those who frequently
use this internet website. The information that I have learned from this class
will be of great use to me in the future, and I have every plan to continue on
as an editor for Wikipedia in the years to come. The importance of accurate
information from an encyclopedia cannot be stressed enough, and with a resource
like Wikipedia, librarians should be helping to create better information
source through our knowledge of research, proper citation and neutrality of
topics.
The point of this rather extensive review of work done in the
three classes I taught in 2013-2014 is to offer a challenge to teachers of
librarians and to librarians as information literacy instructors. The challenge
is that they engage in editing in Wikipedia—the world’s most used reference
source.
If not us, who?
The Future of Librarianship and Wikipedia
Cultural organizations have begun to hire Wikipedians. The
National Library of Scotland hired a full-time Wikipedian in 2013 whose duties involve
using the library's collections to update the online user-led encyclopaedia and
teaching staff and the public how to add to the site.[34]
The Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, at the University of Michigan at Ann
Arbor, was the first presidential library in the United States to have a
“Wikipedian in residence” on its staff. Michael Barera, a master’s student at
Michigan’s School of Information, was charged with increasing and enhancing the
library’s presence on Wikipedia in 2013.[35] The University of California Berkeley American Cultures program has hired Kevin Gorman
as the first Wikipedian-in-Residence at a U.S. university.[36]
Houghton Library at Harvard is seeking a Wikipedian to help make its
collections as accessible as possible.[37]
Wikipedia is increasingly a topic of academic study. For example
Fullerton and Ettema’s analysis of “talk pages” in
which discussions of article creation are recorded [38]
or Joorabchi and Mahdi’s study of automatic subject indexing of
library records with Wikipedia concepts. [39]
For me a very true, smart and pragmatic
approach to using Wikipedia in teaching information literacy was detailed by Cate
Calhoun in College and Research
Library News:
Wikipedia can act as a
bridge to help them [undergraduates] become familiar with library resources and
a new way to research they may have never learned in high school. Wikipedia
continues to increase in popularity, and it is likely that students will
continue to use it. Scholars, educators, and librarians should not shun it, but
rather embrace it and make it work within a structure of information literacy
while furthering students’ education.[40]
There are indicators that the convergence of the work of Librarian and Wikipedian is gaining more
traction. Brian Kelly, Innovation Advocate at Cetis, the Centre for Educational
Technology, Interoperability and Standards based at the University of Bolton,
has given a number of talks on Wikipedia and summarized developments in use of
Wikipedia in higher education at the EduWiki Serbia conference held in Belgrade
in March 2014. He has supported Wikipedia training events and edit-a-thons
including session at the LILAC 2014 information literacy conference.[41]
There are initiatives in the Wikipedia community to expand
librarian involvement. “Wikipedia Loves Libraries” is a general initiative for
improved Wikimedia engagement with libraries (and archives), and more
concretely an annual campaign of wiki-workshops and edit-a-thons at libraries
around Open Access Week in October/November.[42]
Events for each year can be viewed at the Wikipedia Loves Libraries Portal. [43]
Wikipedia is a democratic crowd sourced reference tool that needs
a more inclusive cadre of editors—more women (only about 12% of contributors
are women) and more people from diverse
backgrounds.[44]
Managing knowledge, preserving knowledge, and sharing knowledge is central to
the work of a librarian. Wikipedia as a resource is covered by the first point
in the Library Bill of Rights: “Books and other library resources should be
provided for the interest, information, and enlightenment of all people of the
community the library serves. Materials should not be excluded because of the
origin, background, or views of those contributing to their creation.” [45]
And use of Wikipedia is also covered by the Code of Ethics of the American
Library Association: “We provide the
highest level of service to all library users through appropriate and usefully
organized resources; equitable service policies; equitable access; and
accurate, unbiased, and courteous responses to all requests.”[46]
Given that mastery of Wikipedia is simply an extension of the
librarian’s skill set from scrolls, to codices, to digital collections, isn’t
it time that the page “Wikipedian Librarians”[47]
adds thousands of us?
[1]
Alexa. http://www.alexa.com/ accessed May
20, 2014; List of most popular websites.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_popular_websites
accessed May 25, 2014.
[2] Wikipedian Librarians. Accessed May 19,
2014. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedian_librarians
[3]
Wikipedians. (dynamically
updated with the magic word: NUMBEROFUSERS).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedians
[4] Brabham,
Daren C. 2013. Crowdsourcing. The MIT
Press, 2013.
[5] History
of Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Wikipedia#cite_note-Grand20-1
. Accessed May 23, 2014. See also List of Wikipedias. https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#Grand_Total
. Accessed May 23, 2014.
[6]
“History of the Guide to Reference.” Accessed May 15, 2014. http://www.guidetoreference.org/DynamicContent.aspx?ctype=15
[7] Robert H. Kieft,
"When Reference Works Are Not Books: The New Edition of the Guide to Reference Books," RUSQ 41, no. 4 (2002): 330–34.
[8] Gregory,
Patricia, "Outstanding Reference Sources." Reference & User Services Quarterly 52, no. 4: 342.
[9] Scott Jaschik, 2007. “A Stand against Wikipedia,” Inside
Higher Ed (January 26,
2007) http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/01/26/wiki Accessed May 22, 2014.
[10] Alison
J. Head and Michael B. Eisenberg, “How today’s college students use Wikipedia
for course-related research.” First
Monday v. 15 March 2010. http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2830
[11] Emanuel,
J. (2013). Digital Native Librarians, Technology Skills, and Their Relationship
with Technology. Information Technology
& Libraries, 32(3), 20-33.
[12]
First part of the draft Framework for
Information Literacy for Higher Education as linked from the Association of
College and Research Libraries Framework
for Information literacy for Higher education. Accessed May 20, 2014. http://acrl.ala.org/ilstandards/
[13]
Adeline Koh. “Join the Global Women Write In #GWWI on Wikipedia Tomorrow!” The Chronicle of Higher Education. March
17, 2014. http://chronicle.com/blogs/profhacker/join-the-global-women-write-in-gwwi-on-wikipedia-tomorrow/56149 Accessed May 27, 2014; Ed Yong, “ Edit-a-thon
gets women scientists into Wikipedia:
Royal Society hosts event to redress online
encyclopaedia's gender imbalance.” Nature
October 22, 2012. http://www.nature.com/news/edit-a-thon-gets-women-scientists-into-wikipedia-1.11636
Accessed May 27, 2014.
[14] Roosevelt,
Eleanor, and Allida Mae Black. 2010. The
Eleanor Roosevelt Papers. The human
rights years, 1945-1948. Charlottesville (Va.): University of Virginia
Press.
Wikipedia: Starting an article http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_add_new_article
Accessed May 25, 2014.
[17] Kathleen
de la Peña McCook. Course description for “Wikipedia and Knowledge Management”
taught Fall semester, 2013 at University of South Florida, School of
Information. http://si.usf.edu/ Accessed May
27, 2014.
[18] The
history tab allows readers to view the editors of the article and the changes
that have been made.
Listed here are a few of the changes made to include
women and librarians from a more diverse set of backgrounds to the “list of
librarians.”
User:Mcgowanlianna https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mcgowanlianna
Accessed May 26, 2014.
18:04, 6 November 2013 (diff | hist) . . (+50) . .
List of librarians (Margaret Scoggin) (current)
18:01, 6 November 2013 (diff | hist) . . (+27) . .
List of librarians (Frances Clarke Sayers)
17:54, 6 November 2013 (diff | hist) . . (+24) . .
List of librarians (Effie Louise Power)
17:53, 6 November 2013 (diff | hist) . . (+25) . .
List of librarians (Mary Wright Plummer)
17:49, 6 November 2013 (diff | hist) . . (+23) . .
List of librarians (Allie Beth Martin)
17:48, 6 November 2013 (diff | hist) . . (+92) . .
List of librarians (Virginia Lacy Jones)
17:40, 6 November 2013 (diff | hist) . . (+21) . . List
of librarians (Helen Haines)
17:39, 6 November 2013 (diff | hist) . . (+25) . .
List of librarians (Mary Virginia Gaver)
17:37, 6 November 2013 (diff | hist) . . (+89) . .
List of librarians (El Sayed Mahmoud El Sheniti)
17:33, 6 November 2013 (diff | hist) . . (+23) . .
List of librarians (Theresa Elmendorf)
17:31, 6 November 2013 (diff | hist) . . (+30) . .
List of librarians (Karl Dziatzko)
17:23, 6 November 2013 (diff | hist) . . (+55) . .
List of librarians (Shen Zhurong)
17:21, 6 November 2013 (diff | hist) . . (+26) . .
List of librarians (Eliza Atkins Gleason)
[19] Category: Passed DYK nominations from
February 2014.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Passed_DYK_nominations_from_February_2014.
Accessed May 25, 2014.
[22] 100
of the most important leaders we had in the 20th century. (1999). American Libraries, 30(11), 38.
[23] 100
of the most important leaders we had in the 20th century. (1999). American Libraries, 30(11), 38.
The history tab allows readers to view the editors of
the article and the changes that have been made.
Listed here are a few of the changes made from the list
of 100 library leaders of the 20th century.
(del/undel)
13:49, 26 September 2013 (diff | hist) . . (+201) . . Frederick Paul Keppel
(corrected dob/d, added to intro with citation)
Carleton Joeckel (←Redirected page to Carleton B.
Joeckel) (current)
(del/undel)
15:49, 23 September 2013 (diff | hist) . . (+16) . . Herman H. Fussler
(corrected and cited dob in intro) (current) [rollback: 3 edits]
(del/undel) 14:16, 23 September 2013 (diff | hist) . .
(+4) . . m Linda Eastman (→Early life and career) (current) [rollback: 3
edits] (Tag: VisualEditor)
(del/undel)
13:44, 23 September 2013 (diff | hist) . . (+85) . . Leon Carnovsky
(+Category:University of Missouri alumni; +Category:University of Chicago
alumni using HotCat) (current) [rollback: 2 edits]
(del/undel)
13:08, 23 September 2013 (diff | hist) . . (+44) . . Augusta Braxton Baker
(added Category:New York Public Library people using HotCat) (current)
[rollback: 2 edits]
(del/undel) 19:28, 1 October 2013 (diff | hist) . .
(+101) . . Bessie Boehm Moore (→Early life and education: Arkansas State Teachers College)
(del/undel) 17:53, 30 September 2013 (diff | hist) . .
(+31) . . N Allie Martin (←Redirected page to Allie Beth Martin) (current)
(del/undel) 17:48, 7 October 2013 (diff | hist) . .
(+167) . . Marvin H. Scilken (+Category:People from the Bronx;
+Category:Bronx High School of Science; +Category:University of Colorado at
Boulder alumni; +Category:Pratt Institute alumni using HotCat)
[25]
Look for example at “List of Library Associations specific to American states”
Only 15 state library associations have Wikipedia entries as of May 27, 2014. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Library_Associations_specific_to_American_states
Accessed May 27, 2014
[26] Miriam
Braverman Memorial Prize. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Braverman_Memorial_Prize
Accessed May 27, 2014.
[27] List
of library associations. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_library_associations Accessed
May 27, 2014.
[28] Dgiguere89.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Dgiguere89
Accessed May 26, 2014.
18:23, 31 October 2013 (diff | hist) . . (+1,170) . .
Hamilton County, Florida (added information about the library)
18:12, 31 October 2013 (diff | hist) . . (+425) . .
Taylor County, Florida (added information about the library) (current)
18:10, 31 October 2013 (diff | hist) . . (+400) . .
Gilchrist County, Florida (added information about the library) (current)
18:08, 31 October 2013 (diff | hist) . . (+428) . .
Lafayette County, Florida (added information about the library) (current)
18:05, 31 October 2013 (diff | hist) . . (+243) . .
Dixie County, Florida (added information about the regional library system)
(current)
[29] Yousafzai,
Malala, and Christina Lamb. 2013. I am
Malala: the girl who stood up for education and was shot by the Taliban. Little,
Brown, & Company, 2013. See also “Because I am a Girl—the Malala
Effect.” http://becauseiamagirl.ca/the-malala-effect#
Accessed May 29, 2014.
[30] Talk:National
Library of Pakistan. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:National_Library_of_Pakistan.
Accessed May 26, 2014.
[31] List
of libraries in the ancient world. See “history tab” and extenstive edits in
March 20`13 by Williamth. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_the_ancient_world Accessed May 31, 2014.
[32] Librarianship
and human rights in the United States. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarianship_and_human_rights_in_the_United_States.
See article history for dates in spring 2014.
[33] Librarianship
and human rights in the United States. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarianship_and_human_rights_in_the_United_States.
Accessed May 26, 2014.
[34] For a report from Ally Crockford see “ A
month as Wikimedian in Residence at the National Library of Scotland” at Wikimedia
UK Blog “National Library of Scotland recruits 'Wikipedian'.” https://blog.wikimedia.org.uk/2013/08/a-month-as-wikimedian-in-residence-at-the-national-library-of-scotland/
.August 16, 2013. Accessed May 27, 2014.
BBC News. http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-22264118
April 23, 2013. Accessed May 27, 2014.
[35]
“Michigan Student Is First ‘Wikipedian in Residence’ at a Presidential Library.”
The Chronicle of Higher Education. June 17, 2013. http://chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/michigan-student-is-first-wikipedian-in-residence-at-a-presidential-library/41681
Accessed May 27, 2014.
[36]
Ian Chant. “Kevin Gorman: Berkeley’s Wikipedian-in-Residence” Library Journal March 12, 2014. http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2014/03/copyright/kevin-gorman-berkeleys-wikipedian-in-residence/#_
Accessed May
27, 2014.
[37]
Garber, Megan. “Harvard's Looking for a 'Wikipedian in Residence'.” The Atlantic March 12, 2014. http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/03/harvards-looking-for-a-wikipedian-in-residence/284373/
Accessed May 27, 2014.
[38] Fullerton,
Lindsay, and James Ettema. "Ways of worldmaking in Wikipedia: reality,
legitimacy and collaborative knowledge making." Media, Culture & Society 36, no. 2 (March 2014): 183-199.
[39] Joorabchi,
Arash, and Abdulhussain E. Mahdi. 2014. "Towards linking libraries and
Wikipedia: automatic subject indexing of library records with Wikipedia
concepts." Journal of Information
Science 40, no. 2: 211-221.
[40]
Calhoun, Cate “Using Wikipedia in information literacy instruction.” College and Research Library News. 75
(January 2014). http://crln.acrl.org/content/75/1/32.full
Accessed May 27, 2014.
[41]
Brian Kelly, “Editing Wikipedia: Why You Should and How You Can Support Your
Users” program presented at the CILIP Cymru Wales Library and Information
Conference 2014 - “Making a difference: libraries and their communities.” http://ukwebfocus.wordpress.com/events/cilip-wales-2014-editing-wikipedia/
Accessed May .
[42] Wikipedia:
Wikipedia Loves Libraries. https://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_Loves_Libraries,
Accessed May 27, 2014.
[43] Wikipedia
Loves Libraries. Port6al. https://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_Loves_Libraries.
, Accessed May 27, 2014.
[46] Code
of Ethics of the American Library Association.
http://www.ifmanual.org/codeethics.
Accessed May 27, 2014.
[47] Wikipedian Librarians. Accessed May 27,
2014. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedian_librarians
